The work-energy theorem states that the work done on an object is equal to the change in its kinetic energy.
The potential energy of an object is due to its position or condition.
Mechanical energy is the sum of kinetic and potential energy.
Conservation of mechanical energy holds true only in the presence of non-conservative forces.
The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed.
The SI unit of energy is the joule.
Power is the rate of doing work or the rate of transferring energy.
The SI unit of power is the watt.
A machine with a power output greater than its power input is not possible according to the law of conservation of energy.
Kinetic friction is usually greater than static friction.
The coefficient of friction is a unitless quantity.
The angle of repose is the minimum angle at which an object will begin to slide on a surface.
Projectile motion involves both horizontal and vertical motion.
The horizontal velocity of a projectile is constant if air resistance is neglected.
The time of flight of a projectile depends only on its initial vertical velocity and the acceleration due to gravity.
The path of a projectile is parabolic when air resistance is neglected.
A satellite in an elliptical orbit moves fastest when it is closest to the Earth.
The escape velocity of an object depends on its mass and the radius of the celestial body.
Kepler’s Third Law states that the square of the orbital period of a planet is directly proportional to the cube of its semi-major axis.
The gravitational force between two masses is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
A magnetic field is produced by moving electric charges.
The north pole of a magnet points towards the geographic north pole of the Earth.
The magnetic field lines outside a magnet move from north to south.
The strength of a magnetic field is measured in teslas.
An electromagnet can be turned on and off by controlling the electric current.
The right-hand rule can be used to determine the direction of the magnetic field around a current-carrying wire.
The voltage induced in a coil is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux through the coil.
Transformers are used to change the voltage of alternating current.
The image formed by a concave mirror can be real or virtual, depending on the object’s position.
A convex lens always forms virtual and diminished images.
A magnifying glass uses a convex lens to create an enlarged virtual image.
Total internal reflection occurs when light travels from a medium with a higher refractive index to one with a lower refractive index at an angle greater than the critical angle.
The phenomenon of dispersion is responsible for the separation of colors in a rainbow.
A diverging lens is also called a concave lens.
The focal length of a lens is the distance between the lens and its principal focus.
The focal length of a lens is positive for converging lenses and negative for diverging lenses.
The human eye can adjust its focal length to focus on objects at different distances.
Hypermetropia (farsightedness) is corrected using converging lenses.
The range of human hearing is typically from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz.
The loudness of a sound is determined by its amplitude.
Sound travels faster in solids than in liquids or gases.
The speed of sound is higher in warm air compared to cold air.
Resonance occurs when an external force matches the natural frequency of an object, leading to increased amplitude of vibrations.
The Doppler effect causes a shift in the frequency of a sound wave when the source of the wave is moving relative to an observer.
In nuclear fission, a heavy nucleus splits into two smaller nuclei with the release of a large amount of energy.
The fuel commonly used in nuclear reactors is uranium-235.
The process of nuclear fusion powers the Sun and other stars.
Einstein’s mass-energy equivalence principle is expressed by the equation E=mc².
Alpha particles consist of two protons and two neutrons.
The half-life of a radioactive substance is the time it takes for half of a sample to decay.
The phenomenon of radioactivity was discovered by Henri Becquerel.
The primary colors of light are red, green, and blue.
Red light has the longest wavelength in the visible spectrum.
White light is a combination of all colors in the visible spectrum.
A concave mirror can produce both real and virtual images, depending on the object’s position.
The primary colors of pigment are cyan, magenta, and yellow.
The colors cyan, magenta, and yellow are subtractive primaries used in color mixing for printing.
The phenomenon of interference can result in the formation of bright and dark fringes.
The colors seen in a thin film interference pattern are due to the difference in the path length traveled by light waves.
The photoelectric effect demonstrates that light can behave as both particles and waves.
The maximum number of electrons in an energy level can be calculated using the formula 2n², where n is the principal quantum level.
The electron configuration of an atom describes the arrangement of its electrons in different energy levels and subshells.
The Pauli exclusion principle states that no two electrons in an atom can have the same set of quantum numbers and must have opposite spins.
The Aufbau principle states that electrons fill atomic orbitals in order of increasing energy.
The valence electrons of an atom are involved in its chemical reactions and bonding.
An exothermic reaction releases energy to its surroundings.
The activation energy of a chemical reaction is the minimum energy required for the reaction to occur.
A catalyst increases the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy.
In an exothermic reaction, the products have lower potential energy than the reactants.
An endothermic reaction absorbs heat from its surroundings.
Chemical equilibrium is reached when the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal.
Le Chatelier’s principle states that if a system at equilibrium is subjected to a change, it will adjust itself to counteract the change and establish a new equilibrium.
An acid donates protons (H⁺ ions), and a base accepts them.
The pH scale measures the acidity or basicity of a solution.
A pH of 7 is considered neutral, while values below 7 are acidic and values above 7 are basic.
Buffers are solutions that can resist changes in pH when an acid or base is added.
Organic chemistry is the study of compounds containing carbon and hydrogen.
The simplest organic compounds are hydrocarbons, which consist of only carbon and hydrogen.
Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.
The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons in its nucleus.
The mass number of an element is the sum of its protons and neutrons.
The periodic table is organized based on the increasing atomic number of elements.
Elements in the same group or column of the periodic table have similar chemical properties.
The alkali metals are located in Group 1 of the periodic table and are highly reactive.
Halogens are located in Group 17 of the periodic table and are known for their high reactivity with metals.
Noble gases are located in Group 18 of the periodic table and are generally inert due to their stable electron configurations.
The modern periodic table was developed by Henry Moseley and is based on the atomic number of elements.
Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms.
Ionic bonds result from the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.
An atom with a positive or negative charge is called an ion.
The chemical formula of a compound indicates the types and ratio of atoms present in the compound.
The molecular formula gives the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule.
Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements.
A hydrocarbon with a single bond is called an alkane.
A hydrocarbon with one or more double bonds is called an alkene.
A hydrocarbon with one or more triple bonds is called an alkyne.
Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements.
Optical isomers (enantiomers) are mirror-image stereoisomers that rotate plane-polarized light in opposite directions.
A saturated hydrocarbon contains only single bonds and has the maximum number of hydrogen atoms.
The simplest carbohydrate is a monosaccharide, such as glucose or fructose.
