Freedom of Speech Freedom of speech is available in liberal democracies. Freedom of speech and free press are complementary. For freedom of speech, people need to be vigilant. Freedom of speech is not closely linked to the right to hold property. Enlightened public opinion is essential for freedom of speech. Freedom of speech is desired […]
Public Opinion Public opinion refers to the collective viewpoint of the majority, considering the interests of all. Educational institutions, radio, cinema, and press contribute to the formation of public opinion. Neighbourhood doesn’t significantly contribute to the formation of public opinion. Political parties highlight issues, educate, and engage with public opinion formation. The role of political
Electorate and Representation Compulsory voting system requires every voter to cast their vote by law. Separate communal electorate systems aim to secure the interests of religious minorities. A bye-election is held to fill a few vacant vacancies. The citizens allowed to participate in the voting process are known as electorates. The right to vote in
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Democracy The words ‘Demos’ and ‘Cratio’ belong to the Greek language. ‘Demos’ stands for power. ‘Cratio’ stands for people. Democracy is a form of government where everyone has a share. Democracy is a government in which the will of the majority of qualified persons rules. Democracy is the government of the people, for the people,
Justice The term ‘justice’ derives from the Latin term ‘justitia,’ which belongs to the language Latin. Plato associated justice with functions in his philosophy. Justice involves impartiality, rule of law, and avoidance of discrimination. Justice encompasses personal dignity, equality before law, and equal opportunities. In primitive societies, justice was often based on the principle of
Equality The slogan of the Glorious Revolution signifies the belief in men being born equal and remaining free and equal in rights. The assertion that “all men are created equal” is found in the U.S. Constitution. Social equality advocates treating all individuals as equal partners in society. The concept of natural equality asserts that everyone
Liberty Liberty without causing harm to others was defined by the French Declaration of Rights of Man. The principle of not infringing on others’ freedom is associated with Herbert Spencer. Liberty as the opportunity to be one’s best self was articulated by Laski. The type of liberty enjoyed within civil society is known as civil
Property The right to property is considered a civil right. Plato believed in communism of private property. Aristotle’s views about property included communism. Augustine considered property a conventional institution. John of Paris believed priests should have minimal necessary property. John of Paris believed the king should respect owners’ sentiments. Wycliff’s view was that the church
The Rights “Laski stated that rights are conditions for one’s best self.” “Historical theory holds that rights evolved through society’s development.” “Edmund Burke is linked to the Historical theory of rights.” “According to Ritchie, rights crystallize from customs.” “Historical theory criticized for being too narrow.” “Natural theory traces back to the oldest theories about rights.”
Nature, Theories and Functions of State The state used to perform police functions in the past. Karl Marx believed that the state promotes the exploitation of the poor by the rich. The most important responsibility of a welfare state is to check exploitation. In ancient India, the most important function of the state was to
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