The frequency of light remains unchanged as it passes from air to glass.
When light passes from a rarer to a denser medium, it bends towards the normal.
The angle of incidence is always measured with respect to the normal.
Dispersion of light is the splitting of light into its component colors.
The colors of a soap bubble arise due to interference.
A concave lens is thinner at the center than at the edges.
The image formed by a plane mirror is virtual and erect.
The power of a lens is measured in diopters.
Myopia is corrected using a concave lens.
The focal length of a lens is the distance between the lens and its focus point.
The human eye’s lens changes shape when focusing on objects at different distances.
Dispersion of light is responsible for the formation of rainbows.
Total internal reflection is essential for the functioning of optical fibers.
A magnifying glass uses a converging lens to produce a virtual, magnified image.
The ciliary muscle controls the focal length of the eye’s lens.
Hypermetropia (farsightedness) is corrected using a converging lens.
The human eye’s retina contains photoreceptor cells called rods and cones.
The unit of electric current is the ampere.
Electric potential is the electric potential energy per unit charge.
Resistance is the opposition to the flow of electric current.
Ohm’s law states that current is directly proportional to voltage for a constant resistance.
A parallel circuit offers multiple paths for the flow of electric current.
An electric fuse is a safety device that melts and breaks the circuit during overcurrent.
Electric power is the rate of energy consumption and is measured in watts.
Electric motors convert electrical energy into mechanical energy.
Electric generators convert mechanical energy into electrical energy through electromagnetic induction.
Electromagnetic waves can propagate through a vacuum.
The electromagnetic spectrum includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays.
The speed of light in a vacuum is approximately 299,792,458 meters per second.
The magnetic field lines around a current-carrying wire form concentric circles.
The direction of the magnetic field inside a solenoid is from south to north.
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction states that a change in magnetic flux through a loop induces an electromotive force (EMF).
Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves that consist of oscillating electric and magnetic fields.
The North pole of a magnet is attracted to the South pole of another magnet, while like poles repel each other.
The strength of the magnetic field decreases with distance from a magnet.
A step-up transformer increases voltage, while a step-down transformer decreases voltage.
The primary coil in a transformer is connected to the input voltage source, while the secondary coil is connected to the output.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to generate detailed images of the body’s internal structures.
In nuclear fission, the nucleus of an atom is split into smaller fragments, releasing a large amount of energy.
The half-life of a radioactive substance is the time it takes for half of the initial quantity to decay.
Nuclear fusion is the process of combining two light atomic nuclei to form a heavier nucleus, releasing a vast amount of energy.
The phenomenon of interference of light waves can be observed in the patterns formed by double-slit experiments.
The color of an object is the result of selective absorption and reflection of specific wavelengths of light.
Polarized sunglasses reduce glare by selectively blocking certain orientations of light waves.
A convex mirror always forms a virtual, diminished image.
The critical angle is the minimum angle of incidence for total internal reflection to occur.
The process of diffraction causes light waves to bend and spread as they encounter obstacles or pass through small openings.
The photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons from a material when exposed to light of a certain frequency.
In Young’s double-slit experiment, when coherent light passes through two closely spaced slits, it creates an interference pattern.
The Compton effect demonstrates the particle-like behavior of light and provides evidence for its dual nature as both a particle and a wave.
The index of refraction of a medium determines the speed of light in that medium.
Electromagnetic waves are capable of transmitting energy through a vacuum.
The intensity of sound is measured in decibels (dB).
The human ear can perceive sounds ranging from approximately 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz.
Ultraviolet (UV) rays have higher frequencies than visible light and can cause damage to skin cells.
X-rays are high-energy electromagnetic waves that can penetrate matter and are used for medical imaging and industrial purposes.
Gamma rays are the highest-energy electromagnetic waves and are emitted during certain nuclear reactions.
The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses a wide range of frequencies and wavelengths, including radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays.
The magnetic field of a magnet is strongest at its poles.
The direction of the electric field is the direction a positive test charge would move when placed in the field.
The electric field lines between two opposite charges extend outward from the positive charge and terminate on the negative charge.
Conductors allow electric charges to move freely, while insulators prevent the movement of charges.
Coulomb’s law describes the electrostatic force between two charged objects and is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Electric potential energy increases when like charges move closer together or when opposite charges move farther apart.
The voltage across a resistor in a series circuit is equal to the product of the current flowing through it and the resistance value.
Kirchhoff’s first law, also known as the junction rule, states that the sum of currents entering a junction in a circuit is equal to the sum of currents leaving the junction.
Kirchhoff’s second law, also known as the loop rule, states that the sum of the voltage drops around any closed loop in a circuit is equal to the sum of the electromotive forces.
The magnitude of the magnetic field strength at a specific point is proportional to the current passing through a wire and inversely proportional to the distance from the wire.
Ampere’s law states that the magnetic field around a closed loop is directly proportional to the current passing through the loop.
Lenz’s law states that the direction of an induced electromotive force (EMF) in a closed loop is such that it opposes the change in magnetic flux that produces it.
The right-hand rule can be used to determine the direction of the magnetic field produced by a current-carrying wire or the direction of force experienced by a current-carrying wire in a magnetic field.
Transformers are devices that can increase or decrease the voltage of alternating current (AC) by utilizing the principles of electromagnetic induction.
The phenomenon of electromagnetic resonance is used in many everyday technologies, including radio and television broadcasting.
Nuclear reactions involve changes in the nucleus of an atom and can release a tremendous amount of energy.
The process of radioactive decay is random and spontaneous, making it impossible to predict exactly when a particular nucleus will decay.
The electromagnetic spectrum includes a wide range of electromagnetic waves that differ in frequency and wavelength.
Infrared radiation is often used for thermal imaging and can be sensed as heat.
The pitch of a sound is related to the frequency of the sound wave, with higher frequencies corresponding to higher pitches.
The loudness of a sound is related to the amplitude of the sound wave, with greater amplitudes corresponding to louder sounds.
The Doppler effect is the change in frequency or wavelength of a wave in relation to an observer who is moving relative to the wave source.
Ultrasonic waves have frequencies higher than the upper audible limit for humans and are used in various applications, including medical imaging and cleaning.
Electrically charged objects can attract neutral objects through the process of polarization.
The strength of the gravitational force between two objects is determined by their masses and the distance between them.
Newton’s law of universal gravitation states that every point mass attracts every other point mass with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers.
Gravitational fields are always attractive and act in the direction of the center of the mass creating the field.
The escape velocity of an object is the minimum velocity required to break free from a planet or celestial body’s gravitational influence.
Kepler’s first law, also known as the law of orbits, states that planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at one of the two foci.
Kepler’s second law, also known as the law of areas, states that a line segment joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time.
Kepler’s third law, also known as the law of harmonies, establishes a relationship between a planet’s orbital period and its average distance from the Sun.
The mass of an object is a measure of the amount of matter it contains and is typically measured in kilograms.
Weight is the force exerted on an object due to gravity and is measured in newtons.
Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of motion.
Newton’s first law, also known as the law of inertia, states that an object will remain at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force.
Newton’s second law relates the net force applied to an object, its mass, and its acceleration through the equation F = ma.
Newton’s third law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Momentum is the product of an object’s mass and its velocity and is conserved in a closed system.
The impulse-momentum theorem states that the change in momentum of an object is equal to the impulse applied to it.
The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or converted from one form to another.
Kinetic energy is the energy of motion and is given by the equation KE = 0.5 mv².
Potential energy is the energy an object possesses due to its position or condition and is given by the equation PE = mgh.
