Development is a term which lacks a clear definition.
According to Lucian Pye, political and economic development are linked.
The liberal theory of development is also known as the classical theory of development.
Karl Marx’s name is not associated with the liberal theory of development.
Lucian Pye argued that political development cannot be measured with industrialization.
Classical thinkers did not use education as a measuring yard for development.
According to the liberal theory of development, the origin of all value was land.
The level of wages could not be changed by labor unions, according to classical thinkers.
Political development cannot be measured in terms of political modernization due to its unsuitability to third world countries.
Edward A. Shills believed political development should be linked with the standards of modernization of a state.
Max Weber linked political development with administrative development.
Talcott Parsons believed political development should be measured in terms of legal development.
Max Weber stressed the role of bureaucracy in measuring political development.
Adam Smith stressed the idea of division of labor in his views about development.
Ricardo built his theory of development around wages.
Ricardo’s theory of rent indicated that rent increased when low-quality land was used.
Malthus built his theory of development around population.
Karl Deutsch believed that political development should be linked with political stability.
Political stability in political development is linked with Karl Deutsch’s name.
W. Riggs laid stress on political stability in his theory of political development.
Malthus’s theory stated that population tends to come down when wages increase.
High wages, according to Malthus, promote fast growth of population.
Ricardo believed that the rise of wages presupposes higher rents.
A. Almond believed political development should be linked with the level of absolute power.
S. Colesman linked political development with the level of absolute power in the international field.
Classical theorists underestimated technological progress, according to valid criticism.
F. Milikan believed political development should be linked with other developments combined.
Karl Marx’s ideas about development theory are found in “Capital: A Critique of Political Economy.”
Marx explained his theory of development with the help of the theory of surplus value.
Capital accumulation according to Marx depended on surplus valuation.
Myron Weiner believed political development should be measured in terms of national respect in the international field.
S. Coleman believed political development should be linked with political development in the international field.
According to Karl Marx, surplus value cannot be earned by eliminating workers from the market.
Technological development was the most dependable method for capital accumulation, according to Marx.
Marx emphasized technological advancement in economic development.
Lucian Pye’s definition of development does not include differentiation.
Extent of political participation is the most important thing in finding out political development according to Lucian Pye.
Lucian Pye did not include the method of paying wages to workers in his theory of development.
Marxian theory rightly pointed out the effects of technological unemployment.
Neo-classical thinkers believed that the existing social order should be preserved for development.
Neo-classical thinkers laid stress on the rate of interest in their development theory.
Neo-classical thinkers did not believe in development as a gradual process.
Political development includes definitional priorities, according to Nettle.
The criticism that fails to appreciate the importance of the attitude of people in development processes is incorrect.
The interdisciplinary approach is used to properly study political development according to Nettle.
The entrepreneur theory about development is associated with Joseph Schumpeter.
The growth of social products in the theory of development is linked to the division of labor, according to Adam Smith.
In his theory about development, Schumpeter was influenced by the neo-classical thinkers.
Schumpeter laid maximum stress on entrepreneurship in his theory of development.
Leadership is emphasized in Schumpeter’s theory of development.
Jacob Viner associated the theory of development with per capita income.
Jacob Viner stated that the developed countries were never underdeveloped.
Capitalism benefits from the underdevelopment of periphery countries.
Radical structuralists saw a close relationship between underdevelopment and expansion of capitalism.
Marx believed that the spread of capitalism throughout the world led to development.
Underdevelopment refers to the condition where there is potential for more capital, labor, and available natural resources.
Periphery countries are dependent on the center for manufactured goods.
Radical structuralists, like A.C. Frank, saw a close relationship between underdevelopment and the expansion of capitalism.
Marx did not pay attention to the issue of underdevelopment in his writings.
The spread of capitalism throughout the world led to development, according to Marx.
The export of capital tends to arrest development in underdeveloped areas, as per the theory of underdevelopment.
The theory of imperialism and underdevelopment highlights the exploitation of periphery countries by the center.
Dependency theory emphasizes the structural causes of underdevelopment in relation to the global economic system.
According to dependency theory, underdevelopment is a result of the unequal relationship between core and periphery nations.
Modernization theory suggests that underdeveloped societies can progress by adopting the practices of advanced nations.
The “stages of economic growth” theory suggests that societies evolve through various stages of development.
Rostow’s stages of economic growth theory proposes that development occurs in a series of stages, including traditional society and the age of high mass consumption.
According to Rostow, the drive to maturity is a critical phase for development characterized by rapid economic growth.
The concept of “developmentalism” involves state intervention to promote economic growth and development.
Import substitution and export-led growth are strategies associated with the theory of developmentalism.
The Harrod-Domar model suggests that economic growth depends on the level of investment.
The Lewis dual-sector model explains development by the transition of surplus labor from agriculture to the industrial sector.
According to the Lewis model, the industrial sector acts as the “unlimited supply of labor” sector in the economy.
The Solow-Swan model emphasizes technological progress as a key driver of economic growth.
Human capital theory suggests that investments in education and healthcare contribute to economic development.
The theory of demographic transition explains the relationship between population growth and development.
The “capabilities approach” by Amartya Sen focuses on the importance of enhancing individuals’ freedoms and opportunities as a measure of development.
The Human Development Index (HDI) combines indicators of life expectancy, education, and per capita income to measure development.
The Gender Inequality Index (GII) measures gender-based inequalities and their impact on development.
The theory of sustainable development emphasizes meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.
The “tragedy of the commons” concept highlights the overexploitation of shared resources when they’re not regulated.
Coase’s theorem suggests that with well-defined property rights and low transaction costs, private bargaining can resolve externalities.
The Elinor Ostrom’s approach emphasizes that common-pool resources can be effectively managed through local community institutions.
The “Green Revolution” involved the introduction of high-yielding crop varieties and modern agricultural techniques.
Import substitution industrialization aims to reduce dependence on imported goods by promoting domestic industrial production.
Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) are economic policies often imposed by international financial institutions to improve economic stability.
Microfinance provides financial services, including small loans, to low-income individuals and communities.
The “Big Push” theory suggests that economies stuck in poverty need coordinated government intervention to break the cycle.
The “Dual Economy” model explains the coexistence of traditional and modern sectors in developing economies.
The Gini coefficient is used to measure income inequality within a population.
The “Kuznets curve” hypothesis posits that income inequality first increases and then decreases as an economy develops.
The concept of “land reform” addresses the unequal distribution of land ownership and its effects on development.
The Import-Export Model suggests that a country’s development depends on its ability to balance industrial production for export and consumer goods for domestic consumption.
The concept of “deindustrialization” refers to the decline of the industrial sector in a country’s economy.
The “New International Economic Order” was a set of proposals to promote fair treatment of developing countries in the global economy.
“Dollarization” refers to the use of a foreign currency (like the US dollar) alongside or instead of the domestic currency.
The “brain drain” phenomenon refers to the emigration of skilled and educated individuals from developing to developed countries.
“Urbanization” is the process of population movement from rural to urban areas, often linked to industrialization and modernization.
The “One Child Policy” was implemented in China to control population growth, but has been replaced by a two-child policy.
“Globalization” refers to the increasing interconnectedness of economies, cultures, and societies on a global scale.
“Sustainable development” aims to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
The “HDI (Human Development Index)” combines indicators of life expectancy, education, and per capita income to measure a country’s development.
“Remittances” are funds sent by migrants back to their home countries, often a significant source of income for developing nations.
“Cultural imperialism” refers to the dominance of one culture over others, often as a result of globalization and media influence.
The “dependency theory” suggests that the underdevelopment of some nations is a result of their economic dependence on more developed countries.
“Neocolonialism” refers to indirect forms of imperialism, where economic and political influence is exerted over a country without direct control.
The “World Systems Theory” categorizes countries as core, periphery, or semi-periphery within the global economic system.
“Modernization theory” proposes that societies go through linear stages of development, becoming more advanced over time.
The “Great Divergence” refers to the period when Western European economies began to surpass the rest of the world, leading to global inequality.
“Feminization of labor” describes the increasing participation of women in the workforce, often in low-paying and vulnerable jobs.
The “Lewis model” explains the transition from a traditional agricultural economy to an industrialized urban economy.
“Hyperglobalization” refers to an extreme level of globalization with increased interconnectedness and interdependence.
The “informal economy” includes unregulated economic activities that are not protected by the law, such as street vendors and informal labor.
“Development ethics” explores the moral and ethical dimensions of development policies and their impact on human well-being.
“Ecotourism” promotes responsible travel to natural areas, aiming to support conservation efforts and benefit local communities.
“Social entrepreneurship” involves using business strategies to address social and environmental challenges.
The “leapfrogging” concept suggests that developing countries can skip certain stages of development by adopting advanced technologies.
“Food security” is achieved when all people have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food.
The “Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)” were eight international development goals aimed at improving various aspects of human well-being.
“Post-development theory” critiques the Western-centric idea of development and seeks alternative paths to improve human life and well-being.
