Biology Section 9

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• What is present inside the vertebral column? – Spinal cord.
• What is the largest part of the brain? – Cerebrum.
• What is the second largest part of the brain? – Cerebellum.
• What controls intelligence? – Cerebrum.
• What acts as a thermoregulator? – Hypothalamus.
• Which part allows precise muscular movements? – Cerebellum.
• Which disorder is characterized by abrupt transient symptoms? – Epilepsy.
• What is the value of resting membrane potential? – 0.07 V.
• Receptors for hearing come under which category? – Mechanical.
• What feature is not related to a neuron? – Regeneration.
• What is the chemical link between catabolism and anabolism? – ATP.
• What compounds of carbon and hydrogen are reduced to carbohydrate? – Energy poor.
• What does the equation C6H12O6 + 6O2 ? 6CO2 + 6H20 + ENERGY represent? – Aerobic respiration.
• Which pigment does not include Bacteriochlorophylls? – Chlorophyll a.
• When is there no net gaseous exchange between leaves and the atmosphere? – Dawn & Dusk.
• What is the molecular formula of chlorophyll b? – C55H70O6N5Mg.
• What is a compensation point? – Photosynthesis and respiration occur at the same rate.
• What obeys the quantitative study of energy relationships in biological systems? – Laws of thermodynamics.
• Which organisms use sunlight directly as a source of energy? – Plants.
• Carotenoids perform a protective function in which organisms? – Both plants and animals.
• Which process is not an energy-releasing process? – Photosynthesis.
• Where does most photosynthesis occur? – Ocean, lakes, and ponds.
• How many net molecules of H2O are produced in photosynthesis? – 0 molecules.
• What is the point with no net exchange of gases between leaves and atmosphere? – Compensation point.
• What percentage of CO2 does air contain? – 0.03-0.04%.
• Van Neil’s hypothesis about oxygen production was based on the study of which organism? – Bacteria.
• Which light is absorbed by PS I chlorophyll a molecule? – 700 nm.
• What is the range of visible light used in photosynthesis? – 380 – 750 nm in wavelength.
• What percentage of light is absorbed by the leaf? – 1%.
• Which light is least absorbed by plants? – Green.
• Who obtained the first action spectrum? – T.W. Englemam.
• Which light is mainly absorbed by plants? – Both orange and red.
• What was used to obtain the first action spectrum? – Spirogyra.
• In what is chlorophyll insoluble? – Water.
• What causes higher production of food in green plants? – Red light.
• Which statement about the head of a chlorophyll molecule is incorrect? – It is hydrophobic.
• What percentage of photosynthesis is carried by terrestrial plants? – 10%.
• What is the molecular formula of chlorophyll ‘a’? – C55H72O5N4Mg.
• How much do stomata cover of leaf surface? – 1-2%.
• Which pigment is blue-green in color? – Chlorophyll a.
• Which pigment is yellow in color? – Xanthophylls.
• What is the complete breakdown of glucose molecule called? – Aerobic respiration.
• Which wavelengths are mainly absorbed by chlorophylls? – Orange-red.
• What deficiency causes yellowing in plants? – Magnesium.
• What is pyruvic acid broken down into during alcoholic fermentation? – Ethyl alcohol.
• Where is the chlorophyll molecule embedded in? – Thylakoid membrane (hydrophobic core).
• What is the most important photosynthetic pigment? – Chlorophyll a.
• Where does lactic acid fermentation take place? – Muscles.
• What is the final electron acceptor in the respiratory chain? – Oxygen.
• How much of the energy present in glucose is converted into ATP in anaerobic respiration? – 2%.
• How many NADH are formed from one pyruvate passing through Kreb’s cycle? – 3.
• Cellular respiration is essentially what kind of process? – Oxidation.
• When are ATP molecules consumed during respiration? – Glycolysis.
• How much energy is released by breaking a terminal phosphate of ATP? – 7.3 kcal.
• What are the functional units of lungs called? – Air sacs.
• Why are lungs spongy? – Due to the presence of alveoli.
• What is respiratory distress syndrome common in? – Infants less than 7 months old.
• What is the main respiratory medium? – Air.
• What is the double-layered thin membranous sac covering lungs called? – Pleura.
• How many times per minute does rhythmic breathing occur at rest in humans? – 15-20 times.
• What is gaseous exchange through the skin known as? – Cutaneous respiration.
• How much oxygen does normal human blood absorb and carry per 100 ml at sea level? – 20 ml.
• What is the oxygen content per liter of air? – 200 ml.
• At what oxygen pressure can haemoglobin be almost completely oxygenated? – 100 mm of mercury.
• How many times more viscous is water than air? – 50 times.
• What is the major role of higher turgor pressure in plant cells? – Maintaining cell turgor.
• Which joint promotes growth in plants? – Calvin cycle.
• What covers lungs with a double-layered thin membranous sac? – Pleura.
• What is the name for a disease of lungs causing cough and fever? – Emphysema.
• What absorbs more than 20% of CO2 in blood? – Carboxyhaemoglobin.
• What does arterial blood contain per 100 ml of blood? – 50 ml of CO2.
• What is the role of Rubisco’s active site? – Binding CO2, O2, and H2O.
• What are the compounds of tar in tobacco smoke involved in causing cancer? – 10 compounds.
• Which disease results from nutritive Ca2+ deficiency? – Tetany.
• How does air enter the lungs? – Atmospheric pressure is greater than intra-pulmonary pressure.
• Which region of the brain controls respiration? – Medulla oblongata.
• What is the major product of aerobic respiration? – ATP.
• Which part of the brain is associated with involuntary actions? – Medulla oblongata.
• What are the muscle fibers in the diaphragm? – Striated and involuntary.
• Which enzyme catalyzes the first step of glycolysis? – Hexokinase.
• Which protein carries most of the oxygen in blood? – Haemoglobin.
• What is the role of the diaphragm during inhalation? – Contracts and flattens.
• What is hemoglobin bonded to oxygen called? – Oxyhemoglobin.
• What is the name for a disease of lungs causing coughing and inflammation? – Bronchitis.
• How many pyruvic acid molecules are produced from one glucose molecule? – 2.
• What is the common name for the disease ”Coryza”? – Common cold.
• What is the main function of cellular respiration? – Production of ATP.
• What disease is common among smokers? – Emphysema.
• What is the force exerted by the gases in air? – Atmospheric pressure.
• What percentage of CO2 is carried in blood in the form of bicarbonates? – 70%.
• Which type of respiration occurs during forceful breathing? – Forced respiration.
• What is the primary function of the circulatory system? – Transport of substances.
• What is the smallest unit of the circulatory system? – Capillaries.
• Which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart? – Pulmonary veins.
• What is the largest artery in the human body? – Aorta.
• What carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs? – Pulmonary artery.
• Which blood vessels have the thinnest walls? – Capillaries.
• What component of blood is responsible for clotting? – Platelets.
• What is the average heart rate at rest? – 70-75 beats per minute.
• What is the valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle? – Mitral valve.
• What is the normal pH range of blood? – 7.35-7.45.
• Which blood cells are responsible for immune responses? – White blood cells.
• What is the medical term for high blood pressure? – Hypertension.
• Which chamber of the heart pumps blood to the systemic circulation? – Left ventricle.
• What is the fluid portion of blood called? – Plasma.
• Which blood vessels have valves to prevent backflow of blood? – Veins.
• What is the name for the instrument used to measure blood pressure? – Sphygmomanometer.
• What is the main function of red blood cells? – Oxygen transport.
• What is the most abundant type of white blood cell? – Neutrophils.
• Which blood vessel carries blood from the body back to the heart? – Vena cava.
• What is the technical name for the windpipe? – Trachea.
• What is the smallest type of blood vessel in the human body? – Capillaries.
• What is the function of valves in the circulatory system? – Prevent backflow of blood.
• What is the upper chamber of the heart called? – Atrium.
• What is the lower chamber of the heart called? – Ventricle.
• What component of the blood is primarily responsible for carrying oxygen? – Red blood cells.
• What is the medical term for a heart attack? – Myocardial infarction.
• Which blood vessels carry blood away from the heart? – Arteries.
• What is the muscular wall that separates the left and right sides of the heart? – Septum.
• What is the pacemaker of the heart? – Sinoatrial node.
• What is the average normal adult blood volume? – 5-6 liters.
• Which blood type is known as the universal donor? – Type O.
• What is the clear, straw-colored liquid part of the blood called? – Serum.
• What is the disease characterized by the thickening and hardening of the arteries? – Atherosclerosis.
• Which blood type is known as the universal recipient? – Type AB.
• What is the fluid part of blood that remains after clotting called? – Serum.
• Which cells are responsible for blood clotting? – Platelets.
• What is the approximate number of red blood cells in a drop of blood? – 5 million.
• What is the liquid portion of blood that remains after clotting? – Serum.
• What is the medical term for low red blood cell count? – Anemia.
• What is the medical term for low platelet count? – Thrombocytopenia.
• What is the medical term for the inflammation of a vein? – Phlebitis.
• What is the medical term for a blood clot? – Thrombus.
• What is the process of red blood cell formation called? – Erythropoiesis.
• What is the medical term for high white blood cell count? – Leukocytosis.
• What is the medical term for the process of white blood cell formation? – Leukopoiesis.
• Which type of blood cells are responsible for carrying oxygen? – Red blood cells.
• What is the clear liquid part of the blood that remains after clotting? – Serum.
• What is the medical term for an elevated platelet count? – Thrombocytosis.
• Which blood type is known as the “universal recipient”? – AB positive.
• What is the medical term for the formation of blood cells? – Hematopoiesis.
• Which blood type can a person with AB positive blood receive? – AB positive.
• What is the most common blood type among humans? – O positive.
• What is the process of blood clot formation called? – Coagulation.
• Which blood type is known as the “universal donor”? – O negative.
• What is the medical term for low platelet count? – Thrombocytopenia.
• Which component of the blood is responsible for oxygen transport? – Hemoglobin.
• What is the medical term for the rupture of red blood cells? – Hemolysis.
• What is the normal range for white blood cell count in adults? – 4,500 to 11,000 cells/microliter.
• Which blood type is considered the “universal recipient”? – AB positive.
• What is the medical term for the condition of low red blood cell count? – Anemia.
• Which type of blood cells are primarily responsible for immune responses? – White blood cells.
• What is the normal range for platelet count in adults? – 150,000 to 450,000 platelets/microliter.
• Which blood type is considered the “universal donor”? – O negative.
• What is the medical term for the liquid part of the blood after coagulation? – Serum.