Biology Section 10

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• Secondary growth in plants, increasing girth, is due to activity of cork cambium and vascular cambium.
• Fractures in old age heal slowly due to weak bones and lack of good blood supply.
• When screws and wires are used to unite fractured bone ends, it’s called open reduction.
• Vascular cambium appears between primary xylem and primary phloem.
• Fracture hematoma contains dead cells.
• Liverwort, moss, and fern sperm move towards ovum due to chemotactic movement.
• Fibroblast and osteoblast are involved in soft callus formation.
• Bony callus formation completes in 2-3 months.
• The place of attachment of a leaf with the shoot is called the petiole.
• Smooth muscle cells are uninucleated.
• Rapid movement of mimosa leaves on touch is turgor movement.
• Smooth muscles’ contraction is controlled by hormones.
• Roots show negative phototropism and positive geotropism.
• Skeletal muscles are called striated due to alternating dark and light bands.
• Epinasty is controlled by auxins.
• Skeletal muscles contain O2 storing molecules called hemoglobin.
• Gibberellins stimulate growth.
• Sarcomere is the area between two Z-lines in muscle contraction.
• Earthworms have a hydrostatic skeleton.
• Thick filament diameter is 16nm.
• Contraction of circular muscles in annelids leads to thinning of the body.
• Troponin binds with actin, tropomyosin, and Ca2+ ions.
• Bony exoskeleton of marine snails is composed of CaCO3.
• Muscle contraction occurs as Z-lines get closer.
• Exoskeleton of arthropods is composed of procuticle.
• Insertion of biceps is on the radius.
• There are 8 bones in the wrist.
• Smooth muscles are controlled by hormones.
• Transpiration pull is the upward movement of water due to evaporation.
• Lenticels are hydathods for gas exchange and water vapor loss.
• Water uptake in plants involves passive transport.
• Membrane surrounding vacuoles is the tonoplast.
• Ions and water move via facilitated diffusion in root cells.
• Water and minerals are pulled upwards in plants through the xylem via transpiration pull.
• The positive pressure in the roots that pushes water upwards is root pressure.
• Stomatal transpiration accounts for about 90% of total transpiration.
• Guard cells regulate stomatal openings.
• Neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes are types of white blood cells.
• Blood pressure measures the force against blood vessel walls.
• Arteries have thicker walls than veins and capillaries.
• QRS complex represents ventricular systole.
• Tricuspid valve is between the right atrium and right ventricle.
• Thalassaemia is also known as Cooley’s anemia.
• Antibodies, interferons, and antitoxins are all types of proteins.
• Lenticels are aerating openings in the bark.
• Stomata open and close based on light intensity.
• Stomatal movement can be explained by two hypotheses.
• Low CO2 levels lead to stomatal opening.
• Fungi help plants uptake phosphorus and trace metals.
• Adding solutes to xylem sap lowers its water potential.
• The sacrum contains 5 vertebrae.
• Swiftest locomotion is seen in Unguligrade.
• S-band locomotion is characteristic of Cartilaginous fish.
• There are 5 vertebrae in the lumbar region.
• Clavicle and scapula are bones in the pectoral girdle.
• Plants need three types of nutrients for photosynthesis.
• Most water and mineral uptake occurs in root hairs.
• Water uptake in plants involves passive transport.
• The membrane of vacuoles is known as Tonoplast.
• Ions and water diffuse through the Apoplast path.
• Active transport is dependent on respiration.
• Neighboring plant cells are connected by Plasmodesmata and cell walls.
• In root cells, the Apoplast pathway becomes discontinuous due to the Casparian strip.
• Cytoplasmic strands through pores are called Plasmodesmata.
• Water potential in plants is determined by two major factors.
• The pressure generated by water inflow is called Pressure potential.
• Movement of water from higher to lower potential is Osmosis.
• Osmotic potential measures the change due to solute molecules.
• Cell wall component with water affinity includes Lignin, Cellulose, and Pectin.
• Speed of upward water movement in most plants is 1 mh-1.
• Positive root pressure is about 800 Kpa.
• Lenticular transpiration is 1-2% of total transpiration.
• Not all plants possess Lenticels.
• Hematoma is not a type of blood clot.
• Introducing a vaccine for immunity is Artificially induced active immunity.
• Lymph flow is maintained by movement of viscera, breathing, and valves.
• Cerebral Hemorrhage is the discharge of blood from blood vessels.
• Atheroma is not a blood clot.
• Blood pressure measures the force of blood against vessel walls.
• Arteries have the thickest walls.
• QRS complex represents Ventricular systole.
• Tricuspid valve is between right atrium and right ventricle.
• Cooley’s anemia is another name for Thalassaemia.
• Antibodies, Interferons, and Antitoxins are proteins.
• Lenticels are aerating openings in the bark.
• Lenticels look like small protusions or cars.
• Facilitated diffusion involves carrier protein molecules.
• Pulling water and minerals through xylem is Transpiration pull.
• Pressure from active secretion into xylem sap is Root pressure.
• Stomatal transpiration constitutes 90% of total transpiration.
• Guard cells function as multisensory hydraulic valves.
• Monocytes give rise to macrophages.
• 95% of red blood cell cytoplasm is Hemoglobin.
• Open circulatory system can contain White Blood Cells.
• Pressure flow theory was proposed by Earnst Munch.
• Opening and closing of stomata are directly controlled by Light.
• There are two hypotheses explaining stomatal opening and closing.
• Low CO2 levels favor the opening of stomata.
• Fungi help plants uptake phosphorus and trace metals.
• Addition of solutes into xylem sap lowers its water potential.