Biology Section 11

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• Single circuit heart is found in fishes.
• Stomata open due to active transport of K+ into the guard cells from the surrounding epidermis.
• Hearts of earthworms are present lateral to the oesophagus.
• Plasma constitutes about 55% by volume of blood in a normal person.
• Brown fat in certain mammals is specialized in rapid heat production.
• Panting is a representative of evaporative cooling.
• Formation of heat shock proteins in plants prevents denaturation of enzymes and other proteins.
• Fishes, most invertebrates, and amphibians are examples of ectothermic animals.
• The mechanism of regulation of solutes and water gain/loss between an organism and its environment is osmoregulation.
• Hydrophytes increase transpiration by increasing the surface area of leaves for osmoregulation.
• Most marine invertebrates are osmoconformers.
• Bony fishes are considered direct descendants of freshwater ancestors.
• Oxygen (O2) is produced in plants during autotrophic mode of life.
• Conifers excrete some waste materials directly into soil, occasionally using them as a chemical weapon against competing plants.
• Purine and pyrimidine metabolism results in the production of xanthine.
• About 50 ml of water is required to excrete 1gN of Urea.
• Each nephridium of earthworm opens to the exterior through a nephridiopore.
• Urea is the main nitrogenous waste formed in the body of an earthworm.
• Malpighian tubules are associated with the gut of the organism.
• Juxtramedullary nephrons play an important role in the production of concentrated urine.
• Calcium oxalate kidney stones are the most common.
• Hemodialysis is the first treatment administered to a newly diagnosed renal failure patient.
• O2 is a waste product produced in plants during both photosynthesis and respiration.
• Excess nitrogen in animals is primarily excreted in the form of ammonia.
• Hydra has no specialized excretory system as its whole body cells are in contact with water.
• The distal blind end of the malpighian tubules bathes freely in the haemocoel.
• Metanephridium is a sentimentally arranged excretory system.
• Liver converts excessive lactic acid into glycogen.
• Each human kidney receives 20% of the total cardiac output.
• Posterior pituitary hormones act predominantly on the collecting tubules.
• Heterotherms are animals that produce metabolic heat at a low level and also absorb heat from the surroundings.
• Blubber, a thick layer of fat, is present in marine mammals.
• Production of pyrogens is a protective phenomenon.
• The hypothalamus contains the thermostat of the human body.
• Leaves in the plant’s body are called excretophores.
• Anhydrobiosis enables animals to tolerate dehydration.
• Freshwater fishes excrete large volumes of diluted urine.
• Rose is an example of mesophytes.
• Negative feedback maintains internal temperature lower than the external temperature.
• Marine fish can keep their internal environment hypertonic by retaining trimethylamine oxide.
• Kangaroo rats survive without drinking water due to anhydrobiotic adaptation.
• Aquatic animals mainly excrete nitrogenous waste in the form of ammonia.
• Protonephridia are present in flatworms.
• Ammonia is the main nitrogenous waste formed in the body of earthworms.
• Malpighian tubules are associated with the gut of the organism.
• Juxtramedullary nephrons play an important role in the production of concentrated urine.
• Calcium oxalate kidney stones are the most common.
• Hemodialysis is the first treatment administered to a newly diagnosed renal failure patient.
• O2 is a waste product produced in plants during both photosynthesis and respiration.
• Excess nitrogen in animals is primarily excreted in the form of ammonia.
• Hydra has no specialized excretory system as its whole body cells are in contact with water.
• The distal blind end of the malpighian tubules bathes freely in the haemocoel.
• Metanephridium is a sentimentally arranged excretory system.
• Liver converts excessive lactic acid into glycogen.
• Each human kidney receives 20% of the total cardiac output.
• Posterior pituitary hormones act predominantly on the collecting tubules.
• Heterotherms are animals that produce metabolic heat at a low level and also absorb heat from the surroundings.
• Blubber, a thick layer of fat, is present in marine mammals.
• Production of pyrogens is a protective phenomenon.
• The hypothalamus contains the thermostat of the human body.
• Leaves in the plant’s body are called excretophores.
• Anhydrobiosis enables animals to tolerate dehydration.
• Freshwater fishes excrete large volumes of diluted urine.
• Rose is an example of mesophytes.
• Negative feedback maintains internal temperature lower than the external temperature.
• Marine fish can keep internal environment hypertonic by retaining trimethylamine oxide.
• Kangaroo rats survive without drinking water due to anhydrobiotic adaptation.
• Aquatic animals mainly excrete nitrogenous waste in the form of ammonia.
• Protonephridia are present in flatworms.
• Ammonia is the main nitrogenous waste formed in the body of earthworms.
• Malpighian tubules are associated with the gut of the organism.
• Juxtramedullary nephrons play an important role in the production of concentrated urine.
• Calcium oxalate kidney stones are the most common.
• Hemodialysis is the first treatment administered to a newly diagnosed renal failure patient.
• O2 is a waste product produced in plants during both photosynthesis and respiration.
• Excess nitrogen in animals is primarily excreted in the form of ammonia.
• Hydra has no specialized excretory system as its whole body cells are in contact with water.
• The distal blind end of the malpighian tubules bathes freely in the haemocoel.
• Metanephridium is a segmented excretory structure found in many invertebrates.
• Uric acid is the main nitrogenous waste formed in birds and reptiles.
• Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system helps regulate blood pressure and fluid balance.
• Nephron is the functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtration and urine formation.
• Loop of Henle creates a concentration gradient in the renal medulla.
• ADH (antidiuretic hormone) regulates water reabsorption in the collecting ducts.
• A countercurrent mechanism in the nephron helps to concentrate urine.
• Peritubular capillaries reabsorb substances from the renal tubules.
• The vasa recta is a network of blood vessels that surrounds the loop of Henle.
• Gout is a disorder caused by the accumulation of uric acid crystals in the joints.
• Uremia is a condition where waste products accumulate in the blood due to kidney dysfunction.
• Renal corpuscle consists of the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule.
• Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a measure of the kidney’s ability to filter blood.
• Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor and stimulates the release of aldosterone.
• Diabetes insipidus is a disorder characterized by excessive thirst and urination.
• Diuretics are medications that increase urine production and help reduce fluid retention.
• The juxtaglomerular apparatus regulates blood pressure and GFR.
• Aldosterone promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the distal tubule.
• Renal clearance is a measure of how efficiently the kidneys remove a substance from the blood.
• Renal pelvis is the central collecting region in the kidney where urine accumulates before entering the ureter.
• Inulin is commonly used to measure GFR in clinical settings.